Extent to which the UN can shape order and ensure justice in world politics

Comment Etiquette

Comment Etiquette Comment Etiquette Comment Etiquette By Maeve Maddox Paul Krugman, in his capacity of Op-Ed columnist for the New York Times, recently felt the need to remind his readers to stay on topic when commenting on his posts. The admonition to stay on topic is found in every article on the subject of web comment etiquette. etiquette: the customary code of polite behavior in society; good manners. â€Å"Stay on topic† is one of the five basic rules offered by the editors at WordPress.com: 1. Be specific. 2. Don’t leave a link. 3. Stay on topic. 4. Be nice. 5. Keep it brief. In Online Community Management for Dummies, Deborah Ng offers a longer list of rules; â€Å"stay on topic† is in there, as are these two useful recommendations: Practice respectful disagreement, not personal attacks. Be brief and don’t turn every comment into your own personal blog post. In her article â€Å"Are You a Blog Hog?†, blogging coach Molly Greene gives this definition of a â€Å"blog hog†: You might be a blog hog if you hijack someone else’s blog and use your comment to toot your own horn, discuss your accomplishments ad infinitum without being asked, hog the thread, dominate the conversation vs. join it, or take it upon yourself to jump in and reply to every question or comment other visitors make. She follows this definition with specific remedies for bloghogitis. Two of her recommendations are to tailor comment length to the type of post being responded to, and to avoid turning the comment into a lengthy rewrite of what the author of the blog has already written. Although the term â€Å"blog hog† isn’t used, Leigh Alexander seems to be describing one in an article about the kinds of comment people leave: The Person Who Wants To Talk About Something Else Entirely. This individual typically devotes several paragraphs to a personal anecdote tangentially related to a sentence or two in the article. They seem oblivious to the fact that they are spiraling off into their own universe. Readers’ comments are a valuable addition to a blog. The most appreciated comments are the good-natured ones that focus on the post topic. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and ToesTelling a Good Poem from a Bad One13 Theatrical Terms in Popular Usage

Operations Management in Action in Wal-Mart Term Paper

Operations Management in Action in Wal-Mart - Term Paper Example In addition, Wal-Mart is one of the most financially successful organizations worldwide, as well as topping the list of the biggest private employer companies, having more than two million workers. The Walton family controls up to 48% of Wal-Mart as its founding member was from the said family. Wal-Mart, whose headquarters is in Arkansas, has its shares publicly traded in the New York Stock Exchange since 1972 under the code NYSE:  WMT. The company’s main revenue earner is its grocery retailing business, which generates up to 51% of the company’s entire sales. In 2009, for instance, Wal-Mart’s grocery business generated impressive sales of up to $258 billion. In addition to running the Wal-Mart stores, Wal-Mart also operates the Sam’s Club retail warehousing units in the US (Frank, p. 14). Wal-Mart’s Operations Wal-Mart’s operations are based on the divisional structure, which encompasses three distinct divisions that are Sam’s Club, Wal-Mart Stores US and Wal-Mart International. These divisions are then split into different simplistic retail formats that include, among others, food and drugs, apparel stores; supercenters discount stores and general merchandise. While for the most part, Wal-Mart has had successful operations in the UK, South and North America, and China, its operations have been largely unsuccessful in nations such as South Korea and Germany. Wal-Mart has over the last years engaged in massive campaigns aimed at boosting its operations and efficacy by buying off companies such as Vudu, an entertainment company, in 2010. In addition, up to 40% of product range available in Wal-Mart stores comes from private label brands, although Wal-Mart also produces its own goods through contracts with other manufacturers such as Cott Beverages. Wal-Mart’s divisional operation structure entails separate and semi-autonomous divisions within the single corporation. As earlier cited, these include Samâ₠¬â„¢s Club, Wal-Mart Stores US and Wal-Mart International, Wal-Mart Realty and Superstores. All these divisions have individual goals and missions which are aligned to the overall mission of the entire group. The divisional operation structure of Wal-Mart entails an overall CEO who is also the chairman (Mike Duke) of the board of directors and under him there are directors and managers who oversee operations in individual company divisions. All organizational functions of the company are grouped into divisions, and each division contains all necessary resources it requires. Wal-Mart’s divisional operation design is based on both geographical and product basis where stores in different nations are grouped in a single division and stores dealing in certain products or services are grouped in another division (Stevenson, p. 154). In Wal-Mart’s operations, all divisional managers are tasked with overseeing the daily control and decision-making regarding individual stores. In addition, divisional managers are held accountable for divisions’ success or failures. All divisions have their own sales, marketing, engineering and accounting departments. This operational system is marred by a number of problems that will be highlighted in the subsequent section of this paper. Operations Management Problems Wal-Mart faces a number of critical issues as a result of its divisional opera

Ethical Code for Financial Management Assignment

Ethical Code for Financial Management - Assignment Example However, the codes do not define the organizational culture in regards to its role in improving the ethical environment and nature of employees. In comparison to my organization, the codes are similar. In my organization, staffs have a personal and professional role to perform tasks as required by the institution, state and the community. Moreover, employees are required to relate to partners, subordinates and peers in the workplace and community in a respectable and ethical way. Similar to Eli Lilly and Company, all employee are required to safeguard tangible and intangible assets under their mandate (Eli Lily and Company, 2014). Additionally, accurate information on the assets should be provided upon request. The ethical requirements are attached to an employment agreement provided prior to placement. In an argument Chun et.al (2013) the performance of an organization is determined by the ethical performance relationship in the workplace. Similarly, in financial management the requirement to ensure an exceptional ethical performance relationship reflects on the results obtained. The value of the financial performance of an organization is determined by their corporate social responsibility (Perrini et.al, 2011). Consequently, the efficiency of the ethical codes employed by an organization increases its financial performance value. In addition, ethical employee behavior in the department minimizes errors and malpractices thus increasing its efficiency and performance. Chun, J. S., Shin, Y., Choi, J., & Kim, M. S. (2013). How Does Corporate Ethics Contribute to Firm Financial Performance? The Mediating Role of Collective Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Journal of Management, 39, (4): 853-877. Eli Lily and Company. (2014). Code of ethical conduct for financial management. Retrieved from

Advertisement that attempts to trigger problem recognition Case Study

Advertisement that attempts to trigger problem recognition - Case Study Example This paper was written after a research that was done on four websites and two websites were chosen. These websites; one being an entertainment website and the other a company website, demonstrated how ads can be used to trigger problem recognition. The websites that were chosen include that of askmen.com, which is an entertainment website and PatchMd.com, which is a medical company. Starting with askmen.com, the website hosts various types of entertainment information including dating, sports, health, news, movies, games and others. For this case, I selected one of the advertisements on the website that was trying to inform us on how to prevent flu and cold. One major aim of this ad is to trigger a problem in us, the readers that flu and cold have become a problem to control. It, for this reason, goes ahead to give us the simple tips that we can use to prevent the flu and cold. The ad begins with a heading, "Preventing Cold & Flu." Under the heading, it tries to pose a question and an answer, "Flu going around? Heres how to avoid it like a pro," (Dave 1). The ad has just let us know that cold and flu are problems to use that are going around. It then wants to provide us with a solution on how we can handle this problem like pros. Anyone who had cold and flu and did not realize them to be a problem, when they read this ad, they will definitely find out that they have been having a problem. Better still, they will even find out that their problem has a solution after they pay attention to the ad trying to address it. The ad uses a simple picture of a side plate with a glass full of a solution, ginger and a piece of lemon as shown below. The second website that I visited is that of PatchMd.com Company (PatchMd 1). This website provides an ad that tries to trigger a problem about using pills to lose weight. As it suggests, there is a problem when one uses pills to lose weight and, for this reason, it

Health And Safety In Spa Environment Management Essay

Health And Safety In Spa Environment Management Essay Evaluate the health and safety risks associated with the Spa/ Salon environment All staff have to take responsibility for health and safety and understand the implications if it is not followed. As an Operations Manager, you will have key duties and responsibilities for the health and safety of the spa and you will have to perform various assessments to comply with legislation. For your assessment, you are required to build a portfolio documenting all of the relevant health and safety checks and procedures that you have conducted within a commercial spa. Once you have completed all of the forms, an action plan needs to be designed based on an evaluation of your findings. As a minimum requirement, the portfolio should include: a detailed risk assessment for all areas of the spa, a COSHH assessment manual handling assessment electrical assessment pool testing (spa only) Assessment guidelines When planning your portfolio consider the following: Pay particular attention to the portfolio format. Introduce the portfolio. Make suitable references throughout to back up your statements and assessments. End with a summary or conclusion. Above all remember that your portfolio should demonstrate the following learning outcome Evaluate the health and safety risks associated with the Spa environment. In each section, you will have accessed official documents and websites. PLEASE REMEMBER THAT THESE NEED TO BE REFERENCED. Poor referencing will have an impact on your grade for this assignment. To each section you may want to add: Photographs to demonstrate hazards or good practice Web links for references Documents such as your completed risk assessment form (it may be better to attach this as a PDF) The main headings are: Introduction Introduce yourself and your workplace. Introduce your current role in relation to health and safety. Risk Assessment A risk assessment has to be carried out as specified in the Management of Health Safety at Work Regulations What is risk assessment? The first part is to look at all situations within the area and identify all hazards. Who might be affected by these hazards? Staff and public. Can these hazards be eliminated, reduced or isolated? Are there currently control procedures in place? Are they effective? These assessments should be recorded and reviewed every year or sooner if there is a major change in the working environment. Identifying risks gives you a Risk Factor. What is the chance of occurrence = Probability Factor. These two RF PF = Assessment Factor. The higher the assessment factor the greater the need for action to be taken, whether it be changing procedure, issuing PPE or stopping activity altogether. Each area should have its own risk assessment carried out by a competent employee. Each hazard should be identified and then eliminated or isolated by control measures. Each of these assessments should be recorded and monitored at regular intervals. They should be available to all staff. All incidents should be recorded that occur in the area and these should be cross referenced against risk assessments to ensure that the control measures in place are being followed and if inadequate procedures are reviewed. Risk assessment should be carried out by a designated competent person, preferably having that one person doing all so that consistency is maintained in all risk monitoring. You can download the risk assessment form here. Once you have completed it you can add it to your blog in this section. COSHH Assessment Here you will conduct a COSHH assessment of the products and materials you are using. You may already have a COSHH assessment that you are able to refer to. Dont just replicate the information here, think about the issues and concerns that it raises you need to demonstrate that you understand the implications of this assessment. You can find out more about COSSH assessment here Manual Handing Assessment What do you know about manual handing procedures and do you apply them? Here you need to look at how you and your colleagues go about your work on a regular basis and discuss issues and concerns. You can find out more about manual handing procedures and risk here Electrical Assessment What checks need to be done in relation to electrical safety? Are you happy with the standard or electrical safety? Here is a comprehensive guide prepared by the HSE. Pool Testing As a day spa you may not have a pool, but these regulations apply to spa pools too. If you have neither a pool or a spa pool you will need to demonstrate that you understand the basic safety guidelines and that you could competently support health and safety when using a pool or spa pool. For those of you with a pool, you will already have a set of regulations to follow, consider these regulations, are they followed? Do they need updating? This is a good website for additional information Summary, conclusion and recommendations (approximately 1000 words) Having studied all these area of health and safety, you need to draw some conclusions about the regulations already in place, whether they are sufficient or need updating, whether you are your colleagues follow these regulations and if you have any specific concerns. You will also need to reflect on your time in the environment and make recommendations for improvements to working practice. For any concerns it is useful to write a SMART action plan. Detailing the issues and when you would like them to be resolved. Bibliography Reference List Please include a complete bibliography with your portfolio. A sample portfolio has been provided for you to look at in the study materials area. HEALTH AND SAFETY PORTFOLIO 1.Introduction   Before 1974 approximately 8 million employees had no legal safety protection at work. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (HASAWA 74) provides the legal framework to promote, stimulate and encourage high standards of health and safety in places of work. It protects employees and the public from work activities. Everyone has a duty to comply with the Act, including employers, employees, trainees, self-employed, manufacturers, suppliers, designers, importers of work equipment. (Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, 1998) Any company with more than five employees is legally obliged to possess a comprehensive Health and Safety policy.   (Safety Policy UK, 2006) The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (HASAWA) aims to:    ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To provide and maintain safe and healthy conditions, with the legal requirements defining the minimum,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To provide training and instruction to enable members to use the facilities safely and efficiently,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To make available, as necessary, safety devices and protective equipment and to supervise their use,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To maintain a constant and continuing interest in Health and Safety matters including Accident Prevention and Safe Working Practices,  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To impress a Duty of Care on all members. (Dr Ian Plummer, 2004)     I carried out my Health and Safety assessment in  XXXXXXXXXX. It is a club Spa located in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom. The Spa has a  strong focus on Sports Therapy; they also offer a range of treatments such as Swedish massage, Deep Tissue Massage and Beauty Therapies. XXXXXXXXXXXXX  carry out their Health and Safety Assessment bi-annually or after a substantial change in the work area as well as after a notifiable or near miss accident as required by the The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. Please find attached the completed risk assessment form.RISK ASSESSMENT FORM.doc On the whole I found that (apart from some minor safety issues that we addressed straight away in the spa) the spa was identified as a low risk area. During my evaluation I took several pictures of issues that I thought were possible health and safety issues.   Here you can see that a candle has been left on some towels, although the candle was not lit, it was still warm and there was a potential for the wax to be spilt. Note that these pictures had to be resized before I could upload them. After taking the pictures and saving them as jpeg, I used paint to resize the pictures down to 10% otherwise the pictures would have been too large to upload. Here you can see that the shower head has been left on the floor. This is a potential for both slipts and trips.   In this image you can see that a cotton compress has been left on a radiator. Firstly, this is un hygenic as the heat will encourage bacterial growth, secondly, it is unadvisable to put anything on radiators.   In this final image, you ca see that a rug has been lifted but not replaced properly. This is a potential for trips. Any hassards like this need to be spotted straight away and dealt with by therapists to ensure the safety of their clients. 2.  Risk Assessment   A risk assessment is simply a careful examination of what, in your work, could cause harm to people, so that you can weigh up whether you have taken enough precautions or should do more to prevent harm. Workers and others have a right to be protected from harm caused by a failure to take reasonable control measures. (Five steps to Risk assessment, 2006) I assessed all areas of the Spa as it is not big, and after the assessment i was able to identify the following overall factors:   Risk Factor = number of persons who experienced accidents                 (Lenn Evan Goodman (2003), Islamic Humanism, p. 155)                                                                                          Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   number of persons ro risk                            = 16                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Ã‚   100 ( average number of people who regularly visit the Spa)                            = 0.16 Probability Factor = number of persons who experienced accidents                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       number of risk occurence                                          =   16                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           5                                       Ã‚   =3,2 therefore,                      3.2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   100   ( 3 out of 100 people are at risk)                                       Ã‚   = 0.032 Assessment Factor = Risk Factor + Probabilty Factor                                              = 0.032 + 0.16                                              =0.192 From the Assesment factor  I am able to deduce that the need to take action against the Risks within the Spa is considerably Low, because the lower the Assessment factor, the less need to take action.   Please find attached a COSHH assessment for a cleaning product that we used in the spa.  COSHH_Assessment.docx Whilst conducting my assessment I noticed that a tub of chlorine tablets had been left on a table without the lid on. I could smell the chlorine and therefore I believed that it had been left open for a while. I replaced the lid and stored the chlorine tablets away in the store cupboard. Chrlorine is a respiratory irritant therefore the lid must be replaced as soon as the product has been used. Therapists should be cautious about breathing in the chlorine fumes. 3. Control  of Substances Hazardous  to Health Regulations  (COSHH) Assessment Using chemicals or other hazardous substances at work can put peoples health at risk, causing diseases including asthma, dermatitis or cancer. (Health and Safety UK, 2006)The COSHH regulations require employers to control substances that can harm workers health. The management must ensure that, before any work using a substance hazardous to health is begun, a suitable and sufficient assessment is made of the risks to health created by that work and of the steps that need to be taken to meet the requirements of the  COSHH Regulations, and that the assessment is recorded. (University of Leicester COSHH assessment, 2008). COSHH covers chemicals, products containing chemicals, fumes, dusts, vapours, mists and gases, and biological agents (germs). If the packaging has any of the hazard symbols then it is classed as a hazardous substance.  (Health and Safety UK, 2006) However, it doesnt cover lead, asbestos and radioactive substances because these have their own specific regulations. (Health and Safety UK, 2006) The  following   link consist of  various COSHH symbols:   http://www.proshieldsafetysigns.co.uk/signs/4452_Warning_signs_COSHH_symbols.html   4. Manual Handling   Incidents associated with manual handling activities account for 34% of all UK workplace injuries which lead to absences from work of 3 days or more.  The annual national cost to employers from manual handling accidents is estimated at  £90 million.  The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 was introduced to ensure that employers took steps to reduce the risks of manual handling injuries, require that hazardous manual handling is avoided whenever it is reasonably practicable to do so. (Manual Handling, University of Kent, 2005) In the Spa industry manual handling is as important as any other workplace, because the work involves lifting and moving stock. Also working at poorly designed workstations may cause back injury or muscular strain. Therefore, on a regular basis the Spa Staff:   Ã‚            must avoid lifting items which are too heavy,   Ã‚            must use Trolley and lift   Ã‚            must be  trained in proper lifting techniques,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and also  chairs which can be adjusted depending on the size of the  client and therapist is provided (XXXX Spa Therapy Manual Handling, 2009) My only concern with  XXXXXX Spa is that workstations should be designed to ensure staff have sufficient room to move around when working as the space is confined within the Spa. 5. Electrical Assessment   No matter where you work, under the law, therapists and their employers have a number of health and safety responsibilities especially where electrical equipment is concerned. Therefore it is essential that all spa equipment is tested and serviced annually. In return, an electrical compliance certificate for insurance purposes; extended warranties; and effective and safe treatments is received (Electrical engineer-Malcolm Clark, 2005).   Ã‚  5.1  Equipments required to be tested and inspected   Portable appliances   Movable equipment   Hand-held appliances or equipment   Stationary equipment   Fixed equipment Appliances/equipment for buildings Information technology equipment (business equipment) Extension leads (Sasha Lill, 2008)   Ã‚  5.2 Tests requires by the regulation Electrical and mechanical safety Insulation Earth continuity Isolation from mains power sources Control systems and devices Correct fusing Intermittent faults Connection of plugs, leads and electrodes Calibration where equipment produces an output the regulations requires this is serviced  and calibrated in accordance with the manufacturers original specification. (Sasha Lill, 2008) PAT testing needs to be done annually in a Spa as part of the requirements set by the IEE (Institute of Electrical Engineers), according to Electricity at Work Regulations (EWR) were introduced in 1989. PAT is the abbreviation for Portable Appliance Testing an electrical device that tests appliances and equipment for electrical safety. There are three stages to PAT testing:   The first test checks the appliance is securely earthed inside the equipment, mains plug and cable known as earth continuity. The second test sequence checks the electrical insulation of the appliance. A fault can often occur inside equipment (such as vaporisers and appliances like kettles). (PAT testing advice Centre) The third test sequence measures the load or consumption of the appliance, indicating any possible fault/s. Faulty equipment may take more or less current than it was designed to do. ( PAT testing Advice centre, 2003-as amended) The Electrical check in Relax body therapy club spa is carried out annually and all equipments are services annually in compliance of Health Safety At Work Act 1974,and the electrical safety within the spa is satisfactory. 6.  Ã‚  Pool Testing   Swimming pools are a popular facility within the Spa industry and provide an added attraction for Spa users.   Poor maintenance of the pool may lead to low levels of disinfectant (chorine) and clogged filters that may place swimmers at risk for diarrheal diseases and skin, ear, and upper respiratory infections.   (Swimming pool health and safety presentation, Gary Barnes RS, 2000) Follow the following link for guidance of Pool maintenance and testing.   http:// http://www.zodiac.com.au/testing-your-pool-water.aspx It is therefore essential that swimming pools are operated and maintained in a safe manner, not only to prevent these incidents but also to provide a defence, particularly in these days of litigation, and in order to comply with the relevant sections of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974.  ( UK Health and Safety-Devononline,2002) Whilst each swimming pool has to be taken on its own merit, certain aspects are common to all. A swimming pool should satisfy the following criteria: Provide a lifebuoy and rescue pole. Provide and display suitable safety notices and depth markings. Provide an adequate means of supervision or control. Provide a means of raising the alarm. Formulate operating and emergency procedures. ( UK Health and Safety-Devononline, 2002) The Basic safety guidelines may include:  Ã‚     Ã‚           SUPERVISION- Adult supervision is a key element in getting the maximum, safest enjoyment from your pool. Never let children under the age of fourteen swim         unsupervised in a pool. Setting pool rules and sticking them is also very important.   Ã‚           SWIMMING ABILITIES-Always find out whether or not guests can swim. Supervise guests who cant swim the way you would a child.   If youre uncomfortable with  someones swimming abilities, make sure they stay in the shallow water area and watch them closely.   Ã‚           MEDICAL PRECAUTIONS- Keep these basic safety items by the pool at all times: i.e. Life preserver, First aid kit including written instructions on how to  administer  Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)   Ã‚           Trained staff in CPR should monitor the swimmers.   Ã‚           WATER CLEARITY Clear water aids in identifying soakers and swimmers in distress, helps swimmers avoid collisions and is an indicator that the sanitizer,  circulation, and filtration systems are functioning.   Ã‚           Safety doors should be installed in all pool cleaner wall suction lines. (Pools Safety Guidelines, 2008)   7. Summary and Conclusion To sum up, a Health and Safety Policy is the essential framework for the successful management of the health and safety function. Successful management of health and safety is a vital  requirement for any business. Having a clear policy, with strong management, commitment, staff involvement and competent people should be a very high priority. Failure can be extremely costly in human, financial, and reputational terms. (Health and Safety Briefing No.8, 2009) Considering the fact that XXXXXX Spa   is reasonably small, with less than 10 employees and not more than 100 clients per month, the Health and Safety regulations in place  are easily followed and well  adhered to both by the staff and the clients. The regulations are also well managed. However, these need updating as far as Risk assessment   for disabled persons and clients with conditions like claustrophobia  are concerned. Confined Space within the Spa does not accommodate wheelchairs and it also put Claustophic people at high Risk. Therefore, I recommend the Spa to replace unnecessary bigger furniture with Smaller and portable furniture; I also recommend that they  move their workstations opposite each other instead of next to each other thus creating more space within the Spa. The above mentioned changes can be made effective at the beginning of the Spas next financial year, without incurring a great financial cost. 8. Bibliography and Refrencing     Ã‚  8.1. Health and Safety UK. (2006). Health and Safety Policy. [online].London. Profesional Health and Safety consultants. Available from http://www.hse.gov.uk/business/policy.htm.         [Accessed: 05 November 2009]   Ã‚  8.2   Label Source. (2008). COSHH Signs. [online]. Cardiff. Available from:  http://www.labelsourceonline.co.uk/scripts/prodList.asp?idCategory=87. Accessed: [11 November 2009]   Ã‚  8.3 PAT testing advice center. your guide to PAT testing and portable appliance testing. London. Available from:  http://www.pat-testing.co.uk/. Accessed: [16 November 2009]   Ã‚  8.4 Sasha Lill (2008). Health and Safety: Electrical Equipment. [online].   Derby. Available from:  http://www.healthandbeautysalon.com/blog/health-safety/. Accessed: [16 November 2009]   Ã‚  8.5   University of Kent (2005). Manual Handling. [online]. Kent. Available from:  http://www.kent.ac.uk/safety/mhpolicy.html. Accessed: [21 November 2009]   Ã‚  8.6   Zagers pools and Spa (2008).  Pool safety Guidlines. [online]. Holland. Available from:  http://www.zagerspoolspa.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?      Screen=CTGYStore_Code=ZPASCategory_Code=SAFETY. Accessed: [20 November 2009]   Ã‚  8.7   Devon-online (2003). UK Health and Safety. [online]. Devon. Available from:  http://www.devonline.gov.uk/index/information_and_services/environmental_health/eh-healthandsafety-      intro/eh-hs-guidance/eh-hs-swim.htm. Accessed: [20 November 2009]   Ã‚  8.8 Gary Barnes (2000). Swimming pool Health and Safety. [online]. Available

The Coronation Ceremony :: Essays Papers

The Coronation Ceremony The earliest accounts of a coronation ceremony in England date back to around the 750à ­s A.D. Spanning the last thousand years, the English coronation ceremony has remained almost unchanged. During the fourteenth century, the kings of England were crowned in a lavish and complicated ceremony involving special clothes, rituals and oaths. These aspects of the ritual displayed, in some ways, the chivalric mindset of the times when the coronation process was first being developed to its fullest meaning and formality. Honor, prowess, loyalty, religiosity, and largess, all aspects of chivalry, were all displayed and dispersed throughout the entire event. Before the actual observance took place, the prince rode from the Tower of London to Westminster Abbey. There he was bathed and dressed in lavish clothing made from rich cloth of gold and silk. The Archbishop of Canterbury, who conducted the ceremony, then instructed the prince to clear his conscience before the holy anointing. The prince, Abbot of Westminster, and monks then made a procession from Westminster to the Church of Westminster. The will of the people was then questioned concerning the kingà ­s coronation. After the completion of the task, the anthem "Ffrimenteur manus tua" was sung. The will of the people was not the only will tested. The prince had to show his submission to God by lying in front of the altar several times during the rite. He then made an oath at the altar then fortified that oath by taking the sacred sacrament at the same altar. This part of the ceremony is when spiritual chivalry became involved. Inspired by love for God, the king, by lying at the foot of the altar, showed his submission and obedience. The king was then anointed by holy water in five different places on his body. He was stripped of his clothes save his shirt, which was worn open, and his coat. He was also barefoot. The kingà ­s hands, breast, between his shoulders, at the break of his arm, and on his forehead, the sign of the cross was made. The oil was then wiped clean with a linen cloth, and the Kings clothes were replaced. The kingà ­s sword also played a part in the ceremony. Symbolizing the warrior, the sword was blessed then girded on in front of the bishops. Later in the ceremony, the king offered his sword to God, and only the most loyal of earls carried the naked sword to the altar.

Alcohol Dependency: Problem Drinking

Alcohol Dependency & Problem Drinking John Greenwald Edinboro University Introduction It is difficult to locate someone in the United States who feels that alcohol dependency and problem drinking is not a national problem. (Anton, R. 2010) Alcohol dependency and problem drinking has been at the forefront of policy debates at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels regarding healthcare expenses and outcomes, legal matters, and social implications for generations. Most times it is addressed in conjunction with drug abuse. (Anton, R. 010) A general population survey conducted earlier last decade estimated that the prevalence of problem drinking at 4. 65% and alcohol dependence at 3. 81% respectively in the United States. (Huebner & Wolfgang-Kantor, 2011) There are numerous ways to treat alcohol related disorders. Here are three of those interventions auricular acupuncture, 12 step based recovery programs, and moderation management program. Auricular Acupuncture Auricular acupuncture is a hol istic approach that originated in the United States during the 80’s.This form of acupuncture is widely used to treat alcohol dependency in the United States and United Kingdom as an alternative holistic approach. (Alster, M. 2010) The treatment uses five auricular acupuncture points referred to as NADA protocol, the acupuncture points are located in the ear. This intervention is rooted in traditional Chinese medicine. (Alster, M. 2010) The acupuncture points used during this treatment are similar from client to client. (Alster, M. 010) The treatment modality is used in conjunction with traditional alcohol detoxification protocols, as to protect the client from physiological harm from detoxing from alcohol. One study the reported short term benefits of this intervention included feelings of relaxation, contentment, and enjoyment mixed with more long term benefits like analgesia, increases in sleep quality, and a reduction in alcohol consumption, anxiety, and cravings. (Alster, M. 2010) In addition to the positive short term benefits there were some negative side effects that were reported such as feelings of light eadedness, burning sensations, and feelings of heat at needle sites. (Alster, M. 2010) Furthermore, there were some initial reports of anxiety even before treatment started which was found to be largely attributed to a client’s fear of needles, doubt of effectiveness, and fear of something foreign. (Alster, M. 2010) Many of these negative side effects dissipated as time passed. (Alster, M. 2010) The aforementioned study of this modality paints an overall positive view of this approach however another study drew correlations that were not as positive.The later study did find similar short term results which included a reduction in alcohol consumption and an improvement in overall psychological well-being. (Ashton, Nodiyal, Green, Moore, & Heather, 2009) However, the long term results failed to indicate significant indications of the overa ll effectiveness of auricular acupuncture in long term reduction in consumption, anxiety, and cravings. (Ashton et al. , 2009) 12-Step Based Recovery Programs Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was founded in 1935, by Bill Wilson and Dr.Bob Smith, as self-help 12-step abstinence based approach to spiritual and character development. (Huebner & Wolfgang-Kantor, 2011) To this day, the AA fellowship is free to join for anyone who is alcoholic and wants to be a member which makes it an appealing option for many resource strapped clients and social workers. Later in the 1950’s the (AA) model was introduced into a professional setting by a non-profit organization called Hazelden Foundation, which is still used widely by many treatment facilities today. (Huebner & Wolfgang-Kantor, 2011)The Hazelden model calls for an individualized intervention plan, which includes family involvement, in the context of a 28 day inpatient setting combined with participation in AA while in treatment and post t reatment as a part of an aftercare plan. Typically in this model clients also undergo cognitive-behavioral therapy and/or motivational enhancement therapy which focuses on negative consequences resulting from alcohol use and identification of triggers which can be people, places, things, and events. (Huebner & Wolfgang-Kantor, 2011) In one study researchers found hat clients who suffered from alcoholism only, whom did not have a dual diagnosis or a co-occurring diagnosis, who utilized this intervention, had more abstinent days than those treated by other methods. These individuals showed significant positive outcomes which included a higher percentage of abstinent days and a decreased number of drinks consumed on drinking days. (Huebner & Wolfgang-Kantor, 2011) Additionally those who used medications to help manage side effects such as cravings and anxiety reported even better outcomes. (Huebner & Wolfgang-Kantor, 2011)Another study suggests that there is a lack of effectiveness and perhaps even harm inflicted by the 12 step model. (Miller, J. 2008) This study implies, â€Å"that despite decades of dominance of approaches based on 12 step principles, there have been no rigorously controlled research designs comparing 12 step treatment outcomes to no-treatment controls, and a recent review found no gains in outcome for 12 step interventions over alternative interventions. † (Miller, J. 2008) The counter research suggests that interventions which are based off of the Hazelden model â€Å"appear at best ineffective and perhaps even harmful. (Miller, J. 2008) Additionally it is noteworthy that there seems to be a lack of evidence based research that supports positive outcomes greater than negative outcomes. (Miller, J. 2008) The ethics and values of many helping professions are to empower clients to overcome their own issues and to achieve the right to self-determination. With that being said the 12 step model instills moral guilt, deviance, and labeling w hile infusing its members with feelings of powerlessness and dependence on the fellowship of AA thus using external rather than internal forces to effect change. Miller, J. 2008) The disease concept of alcoholism is a central tenant to the 12 step model; it â€Å"pathologizes† individual clients by removing focus from social and mental processes that may attributing to the alcoholic behaviors. (Miller, J. 2008) The intervention appears to â€Å"reinforce counter therapeutic cognitions and behaviors. † (Miller, J. 2008) Furthermore it has been noted that the 12 step culture itself can be hostile and scrutinizing towards non-adherents. (Miller, J. 2008) Moderation Management In the 1960’s professionals in the addiction field started to ask the uestion, can alcoholics learn to control their drinking or must they abstain completely from alcohol? Moderation Management (MM) is a mutual help fellowship designed for problem drinkers, not alcohol dependent people, who wi sh to pursue a goal of moderate drinking. (Lembke & Humphreys, 2012) MM’s is based on the problem drinkers individual ability to adhere to MM guidelines, which first includes a 30 day period of abstinence which is then followed by limits on daily alcohol intake. (Lembke & Humphreys, 2012) The primary goal being moderate drinking, not abstinence, which can be obtained by following a 9 step approach. Lembke & Humphreys, 2012) One study found that alcohol dependent clients found more positive outcomes with the 12-step recovery model. Data showed that people who reported to be only problem drinkers, without alcohol dependence, were able to recover from a diagnosed problem by a rate of 30-60% depending on whether they received treatment or just attended MM. (Lembke & Humphreys, 2012) There were reports of people who identified as problem drinkers, but were really alcohol dependent, who eventually left MM because they realized they could not drink in moderation and needed an abstin ence based intervention. Lembke & Humphreys, 2012) MM widens the range of attractive options available to people with alcohol disorders. Some clinicians feel that MM is a good place to start because it can be appealing to alcohol dependent people who are adamantly opposed to abstaining entirely. (Lembke & Humphreys, 2012) These same people eventually realize, because of MM’s 9 step program, that they are not able to drink in moderation and after defeat in this avenue may become more willing to try an abstinent only intervention such as AA thus serving as a starting point for anyone with an alcohol disorder. Lembke & Humphreys, 2012) Interventions such as MM reinforces many helping professions code of ethics in the sense that it puts the client in the control of finding what works best for them and aids them in achieving self-efficacy. (Miller, J. 2008) Conclusion To pick one intervention that I feel is the best pick for evidence based practice in Social Work would be difficul t. This is something that each clinician will have to decide on a client by client basis. Starting where the client is will help the Social Worker determine which intervention is best.I found that there is a lack of scientific research which gave any kind of correlations to any one of these interventions. Much of the research suggests that a combination of interventions along with starting where the client is what produces the best results and that no exact intervention was a smoking gun. If I had to pick one intervention that I feel is most useful in terms of helping a client who presented with alcohol dependency or who described themselves as problem drinkers, the intervention I would chose would be Moderation Management, if ethically appropriate.MM allows the client to choose his or her direction with where they are at in their alcohol dependency or problem drinking. Thus, allowing them to decide for themselves if they want to simply moderate their consumption or abstain entirely . References Zemore, S. , & Kaskutas, L. (2008). 12-step involvement and peer helping in day hospital and residential programs. Substance Use & Misuse, 48, 1882-1903. Huebner, R. , & Wolfgang Kantor, L. (2011). Advances in alcoholism treatment. Alcohol Research & Health, 33(4), 295-299. Lembke, A. & Humphreys, K. (2012). Moderation management: A mutual-help organization for problem drinkers who are not alcohol dependent. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 7, 130-141. Alster, M. (2010). Auricular acupuncture at calvary alcohol & other drug services: The first year. Journal of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society, 16(2), 73-75. Ashton, H. , Nodiyal, A. , Green, D. , Moore, B. , & Heather, N. (2009). Acupuncture or counseling: outcomes and predictors of treatment choice in a non-statutory addiction service.Journal of Substance Use, 14(3-4), 151-160. Anton, R. (2010). Substance abuse is a disease of the human brain: Focus on alcohol. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, Win ter 2010, 735-744. Miller, J. (2008). 12-step treatment for alcohol and substance abuse revisited: Best available evidence suggests lack of effectiveness or harm. Int J Ment Health Addiction, 6, 568-576. AA Intergroup. (n. d. ). Online intergroup Alcoholics Anonymous publications. In online Intergroup: Alcoholics Anonymous. http://www. aa-intergroup. org/.

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